Between Women and Monsters: Marginalized Beings in Sella Sujin’s Painting (2021)
CHIN Hyeyun (Professor, Hannam University)
The Body Depicted by Stella Sujin
Stella Sujin concentrates on the body of the marginalized being, defending the need to create a non-homogeneous society. In her work, the body appears as a pregnant woman, Virgin Mary, a genital organ, the Sphinx of Greek mythology, a protozoan with flowers set within itself, or a hybrid creature–all are related to feminism discourses. In particular, she focuses on the bodies of women as those who are oppressed inan androcentric society. She suggests female bodies are regarded as ‘monsters’ causing horror, or what Julia Kristeva called ‘abject’, that is, as objects to be cast off to achieve the complete course of self-realization. She visualizes the bodies as her resistance against established social orders and systems.
For the past 15 years, Stella Sujin has continued this resistance primarily through painting. Producing paintings of monsters using fluid materials, which reveal her act of painting transparently, she has established her anti-modernist aesthetics. Since the early years of her career, she has traversed between Western and Eastern painting techniques. Beginning in 2012, she created a series of drawings with bold and instinctual brushstrokes. Since 2017, her painting practice has widely expanded as she started employing in her work tactile materials such as clay and pastels: she rubs and mashes those media, focusing on the textures they create on her canvas. As such, her painting is close to body art born in the refusal of traditional art forms in that she employs gesture or bodily movements as essential elements in her painting. As is well known, as the body art movement, which was rooted in the European avant-gardism of the 1960s and ‘70s that took human bodies as both the subject agent and the object of art, encountered the feminist movements of that time, the artists staged performances, in which they transformed their bodies in unusual ways or made aggressive gestures, as a way of criticizing a society paralyzed by patriarchy. While Stella Sujin also refuses modernist art as masculine art forms, the encounter between body art and feminism in her work is made in a completely different way. Rather than showing filthy and ugly bodies, the monsters that she depicts attract and soothe viewers with clear, transparent colours and small, slim forms, until the apparent naiveness of the monsters is unmasked, revealing their grotesque insides.
Monsters Wearing Women
In Stella Sujin’s paintings, the female bodies described as monsters transform into one of three categories of forms: the body in pregnancy or in childbirth, the body of either female saint or female villains, and the body interacting with nature. Each time represented in a different form, those bodies show in common an emancipation from the stereotypes of women characterized as emotional, illogical, and inferior.
First of all, the meaning of pregnancy and childbirth in her work can be examined in her Annonciation dans la boucherie II (2011). Reminiscent of early prominent Renaissance painter Fra Angelico’s Annunciation (c.1440- 1445), the painting replaces the Virgin Mary with a heavily pregnant naked woman. Shown in the pose of “venus pudica” (a classic figural pose in which the female figure keeps one hand covering her private parts), with her haloed head lowered demurely, this woman is described as a virtuous, sacred being in which the images of Venus and Virgin Mary are combined. However, what the pregnant body represents is in fact the opposite of the woman idealized in the Virgin Mary and Venus in androcentric Western society. In a world where Venus in nudity gratifies men’s sexual desires and the Virgin Mary conceiving the Messiah through the Holy Spirit is worshipped as the most noble of female saints, the maternal body representing pregnancy and childbirth is a taboo and an object causing disgust, an object of horror disrupting the existing symbolic systems. Stella Sujin juxtaposes this conflicting female body with a bloody lump of meat and a malformed animal with several legs in one space. She twists the spiritual space of the original painting into an abject space disdained by a patriarchal society, disclosing the fact that the status of women corresponds to inferiority in the dichotomic division of the world into the spirit and the body, birth and death, humans and animals, beauty and ugliness, and normal and abnormal. Also, she recreates the original Renaissance painting with traditional Korean painting techniques and furthermore makes the protagonist of the painting an Asian woman with dark hair, to reveal that the discourse based on the confrontation between the East and the West is also included in the dichotomic division she opposes.
Stella Sujin’s critical speculation into the myth of motherhood extends back to her 2010 painting La Naissance du Minotaure. In this work, she refers to Frida Kahlo’s controversial painting My Birth (1932), whose direct description of childbirth shocked the art world. Sujin transforms the scene of the ‘self’ being born in Kahlo’s painting into a scene showing the birth of the Minotaur. The Minotaur, a hybrid mythological creature known to have a human body but the head of a bull is a symbol of a savage and illogical being. Stella Sujin also depicts the mother of this monster as the Virgin Mary with her body bathed in blood, subverting the myth of a miraculous birth. As such, by substituting the half-man/half-bull monster and the Virgin Mary for Frida Kahlo, she intersects the narrative of the original painting with that of feminism, and her militant stance against phallocentric systems of thought.
Having used surrealist methods for making the familiar unfamiliar to create tension with her art thus far, she moved in a new direction beginning with her water-colour drawing series Poetic Organisms (2012- 2016). Painted in water-colours yet using a traditional ink and wash technique, these small drawings show simple compositions in delightful primary colours so that from a distance, they appear as children’s drawings. However, these elements are only a poetic detour to reveal the grotesqueness of the monsters within. Before this series, the monsters in her work resided in maternal bodies. However, with this series, the monsters were reborn as fluid beings, their bodies expressed in more diversified forms ranging from a cut-out limb and deformed human form to an unidentifiable hybrid creature: all of these forms show ‘bodies without organs’. Moreover, these drawings produce unlimited meanings because the artist produces them not as preliminary practices for her paintings but as independent works, yet at the same time as a part of the whole. This changed method of expressing her themes has continued in her ceramic art, pastel paintings, and oil paintings, whereby her monsters continue to be assembled and disassembled, expanding the range of their interpretations.
After the expanded range of expression, the most notable change in Stella Sujin’s work was the transition of her focus from negative femininity, as seen from a phallocentric perspective, towards a liberated and active image of women. This changed focus was most evident in her pastel series Kindred Virgins (2019-2020). Here, the artist creates narratives in which a woman with long, black hair and an impassive face appears as the protagonist. In the series, this woman attaches her face or her body to another woman’s whose appearance is identical, as if she were her twin sister, showing love and solidarity between women, and turning them in turns into female saints or villains. One work depicts her as St. Agatha, who kept her monastic vows even while being brutally tortured and eventually died in prison, and the other work depicts her as a hybrid creature like a Sphinx. In particular, the appearance of the Sphinx in Stella Sujin’s work is altered several times: a monster with a woman’s head and a lion’s body; a lion’s body with an eagle’s wings; or with an eagle’s body with a lion’s legs. The Sphinx was originally a male creature in ancient Egyptian culture, a guardian of the pyramids and an object of worship, and therefore regarded as a sacred being, but from ancient Greece, it began to be depicted as a dangerous female monster in epics and tragedies. In the 19th century, when symbolist artists like Gustave Moreau and Fernand Khnopff described it as an enticing woman who attracted and destroyed men with her irresistible sensual beauty, the Sphinx came to symbolize a femme fatal. Stella Sujin’s Sphinx departs from existing narratives revolving around Oedipus and instead is expressed as a subjective being within the post-regime of signifiers. This tells that her monsters, which used to be objectified by men, have been reborn as subjective figures full of life.
Meanwhile, the fact that Stella Sujin has recently begun to dream of a new woman is identifiable in the sudden emergence of plant images throughout her works. From 2017 to 2018, she created a series of botany drawings depicting various plants from plant cell membranes to lilies, an ovary-shaped ceramics series, and an oil painting series Vegetarians (2018), which takes inspiration from Han Gang’s award-winning novel Vegetarian (2007), a story of a woman who wants to become a tree. Along with these series of works, her monsters began to wear botanical bodies, signifying that the habitats of her monsters moved from a phallocentric world objectifying women to an anthropocentric world objectifying nature. In her recent drawing series Dessin confiné (2020), her monsters are represented as unnamable hybrid forms of a woman’s body, a flower and a protozoan, demonstrating that the artist places the phallocentrism and anthropocentrism within the same semantic network, and also showing on her the influence of ecological feminism, which finds the power to overcome structural violence in the potentialities of women or nature.
As we have seen so far, Stella Sujin’s monster constantly changesits outer skin through a wide variety of shapes and colours. However,there is no change to the role of creating a rupture in the male-centered narratives with women’s narratives, promoting the restoration of damaged female value, and further laying the foundation for the birth of a new subject. Audiences sometimes have to make quite active intertextual readings to find the identity of the monster hidden by its cover based on vast references, from the works of major artists to the symbolic culture of Western civilization, literature, and botany. However, in the process, you will find that Stella Sujin's monster is constantly breaking down the existing order and creating the new.
(Korean below)